Phi/105 Letter Free Essays

Letter to a 20 or 21 Century Philosopher PHI/105 September 23, 2012 Letter to a 20 or 21 Century Philosopher I am composing this letter to John Dewey in regards to his hypothesis of logic. I am picking this hypothesis since it intrigues me in the logical part of your reasoning. I realize that you decided to move rationalists to respond to the subject of truth. We will compose a custom exposition test on Phi/105 Letter or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now This is a hard thing to sift through and make genuine and valid. Going toward a portion of the occasions most intelligent masterminds and moving them to think of genuine answers was one of your solid focuses. I realize that you were not completely restricted to current rationale as you have expressed â€Å"logic dependent on the possibility that subjective articles are existential in the fullest sense. To hold intelligent standards dependent on this origination alongside the acknowledgment of speculations of presence and information dependent on a contrary origination isn't, without a doubt, conductive to clearness †a thought that has a decent arrangement to do with existing dualism among conventional and the more up to date social rationales. †(Qualitative Thoughtâ 1930) This announcement to me implies that you had perhaps depleted the conventional perspective that you had envisioned. I accept that you needed to go after more answers and various approaches to find those solutions. Truth is a hard thing to drop by and it isn't effortlessly acquired. I realize that you were a savant of science and that you utilized this to attempt to comprehend the world. From you research you didn't exaggerate yet rather analyzed the entirety of the parts that could be clarified by science. In making sense of these things you had the option to decide whether the marvels that you were looking at the time were in reality obvious or not. I locate this intriguing on the grounds that there are numerous things in this world that are difficult to clarify. I am certain that there were numerous inquiries left unanswered for you in light of the fact that the examination innovation was only not there for you at the time you were doing your exploration on various phenomena’s. The logical strategy that you decided to follow would be a base for the entirety of the researchers that followed your examination and I think that its stunning that you are as yet known right up 'til the present time. I can see currently by investigating your history why you didn't have faith in religion. I would need to state this is ecause it is something that couldn't be demonstrated. The wonders that a being could exists and make everything is simply too difficult to even think about conceiving. It is difficult to decide by science even right up 'til the present time in the event that somebody, for example, this did or would ever exist. There is no logical technique that can demonstrate reality of this and this is the reason you didn't trust it was conceivable. I would need to likewise concur with this point and if there were an approach to investigate it logically and demonstrate that such a being or individual existed I would accept that to be reality. With no fact about specific things it is difficult to place any sort of confidence in them. The more I consider these things the more I accept the logical strategy the most ideal path for me to go about existence and consider things. I accept that the other two schools are similarly on a par with yours. I simply lean somewhat more towards science then math or transcendentalism. These other two schools are vital too for the comprehension of practically everything that are reasonable. There is nobody school that is better than the others and I would need to identify with every one of them three. Concerning the things that are simply wonders I would need to concur with you in examining the realities and certainties that we can demonstrate and trust in instead of simply causing things to up and putting stock in bogus facts. John Dewey you are really somebody to turn upward to and I have found in your readings some fact to this life that we lead. Numerous things go unanswered yet in time numerous things that were unanswerable will get made sense of and reality will be uncovered. References READING: Ch. 9 of Philosophy: The Power Of Ideas. READING: Ch. 8 of Philosophy: The Power Of Ideas. http://www. infed. organization/masterminds/et-dewey. htm Step by step instructions to refer to Phi/105 Letter, Papers

Living in Belgium :: Personal Narrative Essays

Living in Belgium   Question Answered: Recall a multicultural encounter that has emphatically affected your instructive vocation. Talk about your experience and depict the manners by which you have profited by this experience.   My companion Owen and I used to play a game to occupy time when we strolled down the chaussee in downtown Waterloo, Belgium. We would attempt to recognize the causes of individuals who strolled by us. On the off chance that somebody clamored past us, for all intents and purposes wrecking us, while smoking a cigarette and wearing tight jeans, they were Belgian. In the event that they brandished a windsuit and shiny new white tennis shoes we'd mumble American, as they passed by toting their guide. We experienced more difficulty distinguishing Swedish and Finnish individuals, however we were entirely acceptable at that as well.   I reviewed this a couple of days back and it stunned me the amount I have changed in the most recent year. In the late spring before tenth grade, I moved to Belgium for eighteen months. During the time I remained there, I adjusted to the 'Belgian' lifestyle - talking (simple) French, examining escargot and endives, and learning my way around the muddled labyrinth that they call roads. In any case, I am such a run of the mill 'American' presently that occasionally I have an inclination that I never at any point left the States. Rather than spending my Friday evenings playing snooker in a smoky cafŽ in Waterloo, I may go to Applebee's and a football match-up with my companions. It appears to be weird to the point that my life could change such a great amount in such a brief timeframe. I wind up missing seemingly insignificant details that I underestimated while living abroad - new bread, hounds sitting with their proprietors in cafés, and passing universal tourist spots while in transit to class. It's not to state that I don't care for my better approach forever, however just as of late I have acknowledged the amount I have changed. At the point when I lived in Belgium, I would fear another excursion with guests of the family to the Grand Place. Presently, I couldn't want anything more than to see the Mannequin de Pis in downtown Brussels. I don't have the foggiest idea when this change occurred in light of the fact that I didn't understand that it was going on. The entertaining thing was that while I lived in Belgium, my companions and I would consistently mourn on the amount we ached for Reese's, Butterfingers, marshmallows and genuine nutty spread. We would discuss the amount we missed our companions, shopping centers, and motion pictures without captions.

Benjamin Wade :: essays research papers

Benjamin Wade      Benjamin Wade was conceived in Springfield, Massachusetts, on October 27th 1800. He was from an incredibly poor family and filled in as a worker on the Erie Canal. He showed school before considering medication in Albany (1823-1825) and law in Ohio (1825-1828). In 1828, Wade started function as a legal counselor in Jefferson, Ohio.      As an individual from the Whig Party, Wade served in the Ohio Senate in 1837. Somewhere in the range of 1847 and 1851 Wade was the adjudicator of the third legal court of Ohio. Swim at that point joined the Republican Party in 1851 and was chosen for the U.S. Senate where he met other abolitionist subjugation figures, for example, Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. During the following not many years he assumed a functioning job in the battle against the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.      Wade was one of the most extreme legislators in the United States, supporting decisions in favor of ladies, worker's organization rights, and equivalent social equality for African Americans. He profoundly scrutinized private enterprise and contended that a financial framework â€Å"which debases the poor man and raises the rich, which makes the rich more extravagant and the poor less fortunate, which hauls the very soul out of a poor man for a sad reality is wrong.†      In July of 1861, Wade, alongside Lyman Trumbull, James Grimes, and Zachariah Chandler, saw the Battle of Bull Run, which was a calamity for Union powers and Wade really verged on being caught by the Confederate Army.      During the Civil War, Wade got one of the pioneers of a gathering known as the Radical Republicans. He was profoundly condemning of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. In 1861, Wade wrote to Zachariah Chandler that Lincoln’s sees on bondage â€Å"could just happen to one, conceived of poor white refuse and instructed in a slave state.† Wade was additionally enraged by the way that Lincoln was delayed to help the enlistment of dark warriors into the Union Army.      Wade was likewise restricted to Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan. In 1864, he and Henry Winter Davis supported a bill that accommodated the organization of the issues of southern states by temporary governors until the finish of the war. They contended that common government should possibly be restored when half of the male white residents made a vow of unwaveringness to the Union.      In 1864, the Wade-Davis bill, named after Benjamin Wade and Henry W. Davis, originated from congress with three

Make Money from Home Find Work on Craigslist

Looking to find work on Craigslist? This is something that FWU’s own PJ Aitken joked about in his book, The Online Writer’s Companion, but even he conceded that there are benefits to this site if you are a freelancer. And in this article, I’ll show you some of the ways that you can use this site to find work as a freelance writer. How to Steer Clear of Scam Jobs Avoid any job posting that requires you to pay money of any kind in advance. Steer clear of vague or general job titles and descriptions. Carefully review any income claims that seem too good to be true, they probably are. Skip over headlines that guarantee a daily or weekly amount. Pay should be per article, per word or per 100 words. Look for information about the company or individual hiring you, including a link to a website and make sure you research the employer as much as possible. There are some postings out there that will seem legit. Shortly after you submit your application, you may begin to get spam email asking you to join Freelance Home Writers or Freelance Home Writers Online or some other group. Mark that job posting as a scam and don’t bother following up. For more details on common scams review this section on avoiding scams published by Craigslist Before you can effectively apply for writing jobs, you need to have your resume or online portfolio and writing samples prepared. Having these items ready in advance will make your job search go much more quickly and smoothly. If you write on a variety of topics, create files with similar topics together and name them so you can quickly choose the right file to attach. For example, I have writing samples that are travel and product reviews together. For article writing, I put several articles on the same topic together. There are several different free or low-cost online services you can use to create a writing portfolio. clippings.me Pressfolios Journo Portfolio flavors.me I also like GetPocket for collecting all of my published articles together for my own use. It offers keyword tagging which lets me quickly sort similar articles together. I can sort by one specific client or by a similar topic. This lets me quickly see if there is content I’ve written recently that should be added to my sample files before I apply for a specific writing gig. There are a huge variety of different types of work you can do remotely or online that involves writing. If you don’t have a specialty yet, here are some types of writing related work to consider: Article blog posts Editing/Proofreading Script/Screen Writing Book Reviews Travel Reviews Headline writing Product Descriptions Academic Writing Technical Writing Copywriting Transcription Website Content Finding Work on Craigslist 1. Have a plan of action when you begin your search, don’t just browse randomly. 2. Make a list of five or ten major cities. Make sure you check both the â€Å"jobs† category and the â€Å"gigs† categories for writing jobs. 3. Focus on major cities in each region first such as New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia on the East Coast or San Francisco, Houston, and Las Vegas on the West Coast. The regional focus is really just to help you focus and organize your search. You can search in any cities you choose all over the United States and even in other countries such as Canada, England, etc. 4. Rotate your searches. For example, spend two weeks to one month searching the East coast listings, then two weeks or a month searching Midwest cities, etc. When you find the cities that seem lucrative, keep them on your list through the rest of the year. Remove cities from the schedule that repeatedly don’t have any relevant listings. 5. Click the name of the city in the column on the right side of the Craigslist homepage or by entering the name of the city when you type in the web address. For example, Detroit.craigslist.org instead of just craigslist.org will take you right to the listings for the city of Detroit. 6. Dedicate a specific amount of time each day, preferably in the early morning, to search for leads. 7. Once you choose your major city, click on the writing/editing category under the jobs column. Job listings that come up in the results should all be writing or editing related jobs. 8. Depending on the time you have available, search one city each day or search all cities on your list each day for new listings. 9. To narrow your results you can type in keywords in the bar at the top. This will search just the writing/editing results for your keyword. For example, if you want transcription work type in â€Å"transcription† to pull out a list of more relevant jobs. Other keywords you can try to narrow search results include: Freelance Review Editing Blog Content Article Screenwriter Narrowing your search by keyword may mean that you miss a couple jobs that could be relevant if the employer didn’t include that specific wording, but it prevents you from having to read hundreds of unrelated job titles to find ones that suit your skill set. 10. If you don’t get very many results or to find additional listings, you can check the box on the left-hand side that says â€Å"include nearby areas† 11. If you prefer you can also search within a specific number of miles from a zip code of your choice. You can use other filters to search for just contract or just full-time jobs if you choose. I always leave those blank to ensure that I don’t exclude something that might interest me. 12. Have a way to quickly copy and paste the job listings you find that seem like they are legitimate and in your skill set. Make sure you take the time to research the companies and/or individuals before you apply. 13. Set aside time daily or every other day to apply to jobs you found and researched. 14. Write your reply, attach the appropriate samples of your writing or include a link to your profile. 15. Track your submissions, replies, and any follow up in an Excel spreadsheet or another program so that you can quickly and easily see the status of all your submissions. So, although Craigslist has a reputation for being a hotbed of scammers, you can make money from home and find writing work. To find quality writing jobs, it helps to be informed about how to spot scam postings. To reduce the amount of time you spend on Craigslist, create a plan of action and conduct an organized search of major cities and track your responses and follow-up. I wouldn’t recommend depending on Craigslist for all your writing work but there are many people who have been able to find quality job leads on Craigslist as part of a comprehensive freelance job search plan. So what are you waiting for? Create your online portfolio or polish that resume and start searching so you can make money from home and find work on Craigslist.

Tda 2.1 Child and Young People Development - 1468 Words

Learning outcome no. 1.1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth to 19 years to include : a. physical development b. communication and intellectual development c. social, emotional and behavioural development | | |Communication and intellectual development |Social, emotional and behavioural development| |Age |Physical development | | | |0-3 years |When they are first born, the movements are |In the first year, communication is limited to |In the first year the baby†¦show more content†¦|writing. |this stage they will need the chance to have | | | | |more independence, but they still need adult | | | | |approval. | |12-16 years |Young people will be growing stronger, the |The children are now fully developed |Most teenagers want to spend time with their | | |boys starting puberty and many girls |linguistically. The rest of his life will now |friends socializing with their group and | | |completed the process. |be spent refining his skills. |having that sense of belonging. It is a | | | | |period when they want to be independent of | | | | |adults, their communication can be | | | | |aggressive, their behaviour can change. | |16-19 years |Young people are adults, they are going to |Young people will be thinking about their |YoungShow MoreRelatedEssay on Child and Young Person Development1179 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment Task – TDA 2.1 Child and Young Person Development Task 2 2.1. Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development, including: * Background * Health * Environment Background Children will come from a diverse range of backgrounds including family environments, cultures and circumstances. A child is at school from a very young age to late teens and during this time many families will go through significant changes,Read More2.1 Describe with Examples the Kinds of Influences That Affect Children and Young Peoples Development Including : Background, Health, Environment1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthat affect children and young people’s development. Background; There are many factors that can influence a child and young person’s development, particularly in relation to their background. The formative years can be termed as crucial in regards to development and any major setback can create many problems for the future. Parents that are going through a marriage breakdown, divorce and separation can be stressful for all involved particularly the children/young person. They can becomeRead MoreTDA 3.2 organisation in schools Essay3183 Words   |  13 PagesF/601/3327 TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Knowledge skill 3 2 2 A/601/3326 TDA 3.2 Schools as organisations Knowledge 3 3 3 F/601/4073 TDA 3.3 Support learning activities Knowledge skill 3 4 4 A/601/4069 TDA 3.4 Promote children and young people’s positive behaviour Knowledge skill 3 3 5 H/601/4065 TDA 3.5 Develop professional relationships with children, young people and adults Read MoreCashe Level 2 Essay example18123 Words   |  73 PagesCACHE Qualification Specification CACHE Level 2 Certificate for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE Level 2 Certificate for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF)  © CACHE 2011 Except as allowed by law, or where specified in the text, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the Council for Awards in Care, Health and Education. CACHE has provided this Qualification Specification in MicrosoftRead MoreTda 2.11012 Words   |  5 PagesTDA 2.1 1.2 A child’s development are all interconnected. Different aspects of development can affect one another. Development is holistic, which means one area of development interlinks with another. If a a childs speech is not as developed as its peers due to a physical disability they will not be able to communicate effectively with other children or adults. This could affect their emotional development as they may feel their opinion and needs are not being met due to their failure toRead MoreDescribe the Expected Pattern of Children and Young Peoples Development from Birth to 19714 Words   |  3 PagesTDA 2.1 Child and Young Person Development 1.1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth to 19 years, to include: physical, social, emotional, behavioural, intellectual and communicational development. Through a young person’s development, from birth to 19 they are expected to follow a development pattern including physical, social, environmental, behavioural, intellectual and communicational. The expected pattern is seen as the average time period it wouldRead MoreDescribe with Examples the Kinds of Influences That Affect Children and Young Peoples Development Including, Background, Health, Environment1439 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment Task TDA – 2.1 Child and young person development. Task 2 links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2.1 and 2.2. Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development, including: - background - heath - environment While children are influenced by many things, there are no stronger influences than that of their parents. Parents are usually their children’s first playmates, and while there world expands with each passing yearRead MoreEssay on Tda 3.2 Schools as Organisations4137 Words   |  17 PagesTDA 3.2 Schools as Organisations. TDA 3.2-1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early year’s education. Thanks to the Every Child Matters and the Childcare Act 2006 all 3 and 4 years olds in England receive free part-time (12  ½ per week) for 38 weeks a year. This is government funded and the idea is for all children to have 2 years of free education before they even start school. Early year’s provision for these very young children varies greatly from the education they willRead MoreTda 2.21843 Words   |  8 PagesTDA 2.2 Task 1 1.1 * Identify the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people, including e-safety. These are as follows Children’s act 1989/2004 Education act 2002 ECM/EYFS E safety 2008 Human rights act Equal opportunities act Safeguarding Health and safety Disability Discrimination act/ SENDA 1.2 * Describe the roles of different agencies involved in safeguarding the welfare of children and young people. Social services-Read MoreDiscrimination and Young People706 Words   |  3 Pageswith children and young people 3 2 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity 1.2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access 1.3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people 1.4 Interact with children and young people in a way that values

The Portrayal of Portia in William Shakespeares The...

The Portrayal of Portia in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice In the merchant of Venice, Shakespeare portrays Portia to be a person of mixed characters, her attitude and mood seems to change with every scene. However, she is always seen by us as being pleasant and polite. Shakespeare portrays Portia’s character through other characters as well as directly, Nerissa is used almost as a comparison to which we can judge Portia, and by observing other character’s references to her, we can also build up a more detailed mage of her personality. Portia is first introduced to us by Shakespeare in Scene 2, This scene gives us a basic idea of her personality, and through her speeches, Shakespeare†¦show more content†¦But however keen to follow her fathers will, she is very blatantly judgemental, and she talks openly about how she remembers him favourably. Shakespeare often includes indirect compliments towards Portia through other characters, and nearing the end of this scene, Nerissa remarks, â€Å"True madam, he of all men that ever my foolish eyes looked upon, was the best deserving a fair lady†. The intelligence that Shakespeare adds to Portia’s character at the beginning of the play is again used nearing the end of the play, and although her character is consistently presented as witty by Shakespeare, this wittiness is presented in a far more prominent manner in this scene. This wit and ability to trick others is presented most strongly when she puts a twist on shylocks bond. First Shakespeare makes Portia lull Shylock into a false sense of security by ‘accepting’ that by law shylock is indeed entitled to the taking of 1 pound of Antonio’s flesh, and she then finds a loophole in the law by which not only to spare Antonio’s life, but also to criminalise shylock. This shows incredible wit and her ability to think on the spot and is shown by this paragraph; â€Å"Tarry a little, there is something else. This bond doth give thee here no jot ofShow MoreRelatedThe Merchant of Venice: Self-Interest versus Love Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there are many fundamental themes in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, only one seems to drive the play to its inevitable conclusion. There is a constant theme of self-interest versus love. On the surface, this seems to be the dividing factors between the Christians and the Jew. Shylock is portrayed to only care about money and profits, while the Christians are shown as people who value human relationships more. Examples of this theme are shown through Shylock’s behaviour, the manyRead MoreDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice893 Words   |  4 PagesDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice It is quite clear when reading The Merchant of Venice that there is a large focus on Shylock being a Jew. This is very prominent in his I am a Jew speech he, the Jewish moneylender, angry and betrayed, rails against the non-Jewish world which torments him. Antonio hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned myRead MoreCritique Of The Constancy Upon Women At The Time in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice875 Words   |  4 PagesCritique Of The Constancy Upon Women At The Time in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice In the merchant of Venice Shakespeare has presented three main women characters. These three characters are, Portia, Jessica and Nerissa. Each of these characters come with a different area of society. Women in the time this was set, were not aloud to do anything. They were treated badly, and couldnt chose there own decisions. Shakespeare has made this play to show people inRead More The Charater of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe Charater of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice In his chapter â€Å"Shakespeare and Dissident Reading,† Alan Sinfield argues that viewing Shylock as anything but an evil villain is â€Å"achieved only by leaning, tendentiously, on the text† (Sinfield 1994, 6). This is an oversimplification of Shylock’s character as portrayed in The Merchant of Venice. Sinfield portrays Shylock as static and unchanging. However, emotions and portrayal of Shylock are not as forward as Sinfield claims. ConstantlyRead More Portrayal of Women in William Shakespeares Plays Essay3560 Words   |  15 PagesWilliam Shakespeares characterization of women varies immensely from one comedy to another. In his works, Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice, and Much Ado About Nothing, he portrays both dominant and submissive women. Ultimately, Shakespeare examines the complexity of women by displaying the vast array of attitudes, emotions, and their treatment and reaction to men as well as refuting the typical subservient wife role. In Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew, the difficultiesRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock as rapacious and cruel is in the traditional style of an Elizabethan villain. A modern audience could argue that he has also humanised Shylock, and therefore gained some sympathy for his actions. From your reading of the â€Å"Merchant of Venice† examine these diverse reactions to the complex characterisation of Shylock. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock is unconditionally evil, and a Read MoreThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay example2165 Words   |  9 Pageswas a great writer and she used to write poetry and speeches and similarly there was a great flourishing in the field of literature in this era specially poetry and drama. There have been great writers in this era, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, John Donne are to name a few. However, when one talks about the drama of Elizabethan age, Shakespeare stands out the rest of the poets and playwrights. He marked his name as one of the biggest playwright as he was incredibly versatileRead MoreMerchant of Venice: Dehumanization of Shylock1540 Words   |  7 PagesNot Change Discrimination and hatred across religions can be often become a normal part of everyday life, and can be difficult to eradicate and extinguish. In William Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, the idea of the â€Å"normality† of everyday prejudices comes across in interactions and the portrayal of Shylock, a Jewish moneylender in Venice. Through Shylock’s character, Shakespeare provides a commentary on how his society has viewed Judaism in a dehumanizing way for many generations, but also expressesRead MoreShylock as a Villian or Victim in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare1510 Words   |  7 PagesShylock as a Villian or Victim in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare The Merchant Of Venice is the story of Antonio, a merchant, borrowing money from Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, in order to fund his best friend Bassanio’s romantic ambitions. Like the majority of the habitants of Venice, Antonio is Christian. At the time of the play, the sixteenth century, there was a huge abhorrence against those who were not Christian. As Antonio needed money quickly he hadRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice By Michael Radford1886 Words   |  8 Pages Shakespeare is known for the creativity and timelessness of his plays. The play The Merchant of Venice definitely captures the essence of universality. Different groups of people, even individuals, can connect to the character Shylock. Each person has their own view or interpretation of who Shylock is and what he represents. The movie The Merchant of Venice, directed by Michael Radford, portrays Shylock as a victim who suffers from violent discrimination. He finally retaliates only to find that

Nash Equiibrium Electricity Market

Question: Discuss about the Nash Equiibrium Electricity Market. Answer: Introduction Electricity markets in Sweden and Europe have gone through many and major changes, implicating planning for transmission expansion. Eventually, as the first step, electricity markets had been deregulated after restructuring and the expansion decisions of transmission and generation are now not implemented and done by the same entity. With the aim of single market, volume of international and interregional electricity trade has been increasing, secondly. And great amounts of generation of intermittent renewable electricity that is connected to the grid, usually, farer physically, from the location of demand. All these three factors have added much uncertainty as well as complexity and demands the development of new models from the theories, for the planning of transmission expansion, of several Gencos. An omniscient system operator is able to utilize a set of generation assets, as ewll as the consumption assets. The operator could obtain efficient dispatch of the generation resources and consumption resources, eventually, can obtain short-run outcome that is efficient economically, irrespective of how the industry of the electricity is organized. However, achieving long-term is not easy, as it demands getting the incentives right that includes incentives for investment, cooperation, efficiency, coordination and innovation. Any competitive electricity market demands efficient integration of consumption conditions and individual production with the networks physical limitations. Result is that all the competitive electricity markets are to be organized around smart market that is centrally coordinated. Background In the deregulated power system, independent entities take many decisions, like decisions of on and off, of power plants and Genco expansion planning. When these entities mis-coordinate and move simultaneously, the undesirable result in Nash equilibrium. Eventually, no player would be able to play better, if the player changes the action unilaterally. Nash equilibrium can be calculated, for smaller scale networks, but not an easy task for larger scale network, since exponential growth of the possible outcomes become numerous, by the total strategies. The operation of small market starts with sending a key supply along with demand information by each market participant, to a market operator or system operator. The dispatch outcome would then be calculated by the system operator, and then be maximize the complete output, delivered from this process. Finally, the system operator communicates back to each of the key information of the market participant, like the output level, they have to consume or produce, to take the decision to start or not and how much or consume or produce. Here the key point is that the actions of one participant can affect the results or outcomes of other participants and it is modeled as an economic game. Nash equilibrium of this game is the key to deal and resolve the issue. Nash equilibrium is a set of action, influenced by the decisions of the participants. In the mechanism of the economic market, where reporting of information is done by each of the market participant, to the system operator, Nash equil ibrium would possess a property that no player would get any incentive to change the reported information to the system operator, given by any other player. The mechanism of the market can be assumed to be support optimal dispatch, in only cases, such as, When the key operating characteristics are reported truthfully, by the market participants, the dispatch that is resulted would be optimal and leads to welfare-maximizing For each of the participant in the market, reporting the key operating characteristics truthfully, is a Nash equilibrium. Problem Definition The problem associated with the project is the modeling of Nash Equilibrium for Generation expansion planning of several Gencos, present in Sweden, as a two or bi-level problem, strategic generation investment at higher level and capacity bidding strategy at lower level. Aims and Objectives The major aim and objective of the project is to develop a methodology to assess the current general transmission and development of a model for general transmission planning in a complex and competitive electricity market of Sweden. Developing a strategic and proven model to find the strategic Gencos expansion planning Nash equilibrium problem Improving the developed models computational performance, with the help of the decomposition techniques Be able to solve large scale problems associated with the large power networks, through large-scale simulations Ethical Aspects Ethics of electricity marketing is an area of applied ethics which deals with the principles of moral which is behind the operation and regulation of marketing. In the electricity industry, the ethics are very important because the house would likely be the largest single investment for consumers. These ethics defines the internal control, reaffirms the values and principles that the electric power supply industrys companies must follow in doing their business activities. The rules which are well constructed, consistent and clear are also required. The strongest commitment to the ethical standards will not result in the market without the good rules. It is useful for the consumers to provide the maximum benefits. Each electric power supply company will take these reaffirms, like its excellence, its commitment, unwavering ethical conduct and professionalism. The essence of the ethical conduct is to conduct the business activity, with integrity. Here, conducting the business activities are principled in an upright manner, which is called as Integrity. The electrical power suppliers have the following ethical standards as follows (Casazza, 2003): The fraudulent behaviour is not engaged. The terms and conditions of their contracts are honored. With the other market participants, do not collude the price or the power supply, territories allocation, products or customers, or otherwise unlawfully restrain the competition (Priddle, 2017). Accordance in conducting their business with all the laws is applicable to the rules and tariffs, regulations and faith in good, with the dealing of honest commitment. With the legitimate business purposes, engage only in the transactions such as business risk, managing risk (Epsa.com, 2017). Theory and Literature Review Electricity Market Electricity is basically considered as a commodity, in economic terms, treating it as a product, used on day to day basis. So, it is also considered as a commodity that can be sold, bought and traded, electronically. This trading is usually done as financial swaps. The price of electricity at that moment is set as a regular supply and demand principle. When this is the shorter term trade, longer term trade is also done through contracting, through power purchase agreements. Nature Electricity cannot be stored, to supply on the basis of varied demand. Hence, it should be supplied instantly and according to demand. Therefore, electricity demands physical requirements of units for coordination of dispatch of generation, transmission system operator to meet the demand expected, across the huge and long transmission grid. When the mismatch occurs in between the supply and demand, the speed of the generator fluctuates, slows down or speeds up, resulting in the fluctuation or increase or decrease of frequency. Consequently, the system operator has to remove or add either load or generation, in case the frequency falls over a predetermined range. Eventually, the electricity lost proportion in transmission and the congestion level over any specific network branch, will influence the generation units economic dispatch. The principle challenges in the electricity marketing are the definition and management of the usage of transmission. Figure: Transmission Capacity (Hogan, W., 2008, Electricity Market Design: Coordination, Pricing and Incentives, Austin) Contract Path It is the path, which designated to form a single electrical path that is continuous, on agreement in between the parties. Actual power flow flows hardly follow this control path, because of the physics laws. Contracting or flow based pricing would account for the flow of actual power over the transmission system. In this context, unscheduled flows, occurring under regime of contract path would be taken into account. Importance Interactions of electric transmission network are important and large. The capacity of network interface transfer depends over the load conditions that are assumed. Capacity of transfer would not be guaranteed or defined over any of the reasonable horizon. So, capacity of the power transfer varies, on the basis of load. Figure: Power transfer capacity varying with load Capacity Market Capacity, basically, represents resources commitment to deliver, when the need arises, especially, during the emergency of grid. For example, parking space of a shopping mall, this is filled usually, during the peak business time. These spaces are used year round, but needed only during busy period. The same capacity, when it is related to the electricity, it is defined as an adequate resource over the grid, towards fulfilling the demand for electricity. Therefore, the electricity supplier or utility supplier has to meet the demands of the customer, as well as manage the reserves. Suppliers would be able to meet such requirements, from their own generation capacity and with their purchase capacity, from other contracts, as a response to the demand response. Elements Capacity markets have essentially three elements. Capacity procurement, before a certain period, before its need, by competitive auction Locational pricing, for the capacity, varying, reflecting the transmission system limitations as well as accounting for varied capacity needs, in multiple areas Consisting a curve for variable resource requirement, through energy demand formula, for setting the paid price to participants of capacity market. Working Capacity bidding is done into the auction, at its operation total cost. As the depreciation of power plants in under course, the capacity bid would be very low sometimes, if the plant continues to be for a longer period of time. Therefore, capital investments would be paid off in the plant and the total operation cost would be fuel and salaries of employees. Initially, total cost of the new plants would he higher, as capital costs are present, including the operational costs. Nash Equilibrium Fundamentally, Nash Equilibrium is a game theory, in a non-cooperative game that involves more than one player and each of the player plays with the assumption to know the strategies of equilibrium, of the fellow players and no player can gain anything, through attempting to change only the strategy of him or her only. In case a player chooses a strategy and it benefits no player, through strategy changes, when the strategies of other players are unchanged, Nash Equilibrium will be constituted, by the current strategy choices set and the payoffs correspondingly. So, the definition of Nash Equilibrium as a vector, would be done, among the players, who are non-cooperative, if and only if, Where, v*1, v*2, . v*z, . v*card(z), are the vectors Network Figure: Sample Transmission Network Graph The primary application of the Nash Equilibrium is to determine the flow of traffic to the expectations, in a specified network. Let us assume that there is one channel to flow the electricity from the transmission grid from P to S. Then the expected traffic distribution in the network can be calculated as the following. Let us assume that the situation is modeled as a game, in which the electricity flow has total 3 choices of strategies to flow from P to S, PQS PQRS PRS So, the calculation of payoff correcpsonding to each strategy varies, based on on the other electricity paths choice. Stability Since Nash Equilibrium is a mixed strategy game, the concept of stability in the electricity marketing can be applied. So, when a small change is occurred in probabilities for a single player, it would lead to certain situation, in which it holds conditions, The player, making changes will play with a worse strategy, strictly The player, making no changes, in the new circumstances, will have no better strategy The result will be a three-fold, based on mix of the above two conditions. When both the above conditions are met, then a player, who made small changes, during mixed strategy would return to Nash Equilibrium, immediately. Then the equilibrium would be considered as stable. If the second condition is not held, then the equilibrium is considered to be unstable. If the first condition is held, then infinite optimal strategies are likely, for the player, who has changed. Generation Investment Generation investment is a key issue and concern and at the same time opportunity for optimal general investment. It stands as a key to choose the right type, amount of time, all at the right time. Having assumed that there are different types of generation available in each of the location in Singapore, in this context, the problem of optimal generation investment lies as a question to choose the optimal capacity for different generation types, in different locations. The challenge in the generation investment is also in taking the decision, for longer term. The generator capacity is assumed to get fixed during the short-run. So, a model is needed towards marking distinction, in between long run and short run. The sponsor or owner of the project tends to take the decentralized generation investment decisions, based on certain factors and assumptions as the following. Generator technologies that are existing, and availability of each of them, with variable cost Each generation technology gives constant returns, so that the technology can be scaled, accordingly Addition of the capacity can be done arbitrarily with small increments and the volume of the capacity is limitless, while adding any type of generation No sunk costs are there, so that the capacity is possibly withdrawn or added, at will These factors are well taken into consideration, when there are considerably, a great number of generation entrepreneurs, investing independently. It also helps to set control over the effect over the market price. Eventually, the scale of generation of electricity can be set according to the demand and consumption by the consumer, while the market price is well in control. The overall generation investment profitability depends on the price-duration curve area that lies over the variable cost, as shown in the below figure. Figure: Profitability curve for generation investment The same factors mentioned above are considered for both the optimal mix of generation and optimal level of capacity of the generation. Eventually, decentralized investment decisions can result in generation investment optimal levels and generation investment optimal mix. So, decentralization of the generation investment can be concluded that the capacitys equilibrium level is optimal, when chosen for each generator type, in a free-entry-and-exit equilibrium, when there is great level of competition, in between the generators and under certain assumptions. This result suggests that an efficient and great levels of generation investment is yielded by the decentralized competitive markets, under certain and fairly restrictive conditions. However, generation investment is complex, tedious process, since it needs considerations in multiple dimensions. Generation investment is very lumpy. Decision of building a huge generator would eventually have the impact over the prices. The substantial sunk costs involved in the generation investment are another challenge to consider and overcome. The previous conditions may not hold always with likely episodes of under capacity, over-capacity and high prices periodic bouts. However, till date experience from the liberalized markets, do not signal that electricity markets would fail systematically, in practice, towards delivery of the needed investment. (Ellis and Heneghan, 2015). Literature Review When there are no network constraints, resources of generation and consumption can be used efficienctly. Though principle shows that such efficient outcome can possibly achived in a electricity company that is vertically integrated, however, the statistics and experience indicate that the effective incentives establishment, in the entities that are large vertically integrated, especially, when these businesses are owned by the government. Reforms have been made with the primary objective, in the late twentieth century to introduce the competition, into the electricity industry segments, wherever feasible. Efficient generation and consumption resources use can be achived through a mechanism called competitive market. Such market mechanism enables decentralization of decisions of production and consumption to the participants of competing market, strengthening significantly, incentives for efficiency of production, customer responsiveness and innovation. When there are network constraints, certain issues are anticipated and then centralized market mechanism would be anticipated with a system operator. Supply and demand information is communicated by the market participants, to the market operators. The job of market operator is optimal dispatch computation and then share and communicates the information of price and dispatch, back to the participants in the market. Here participants act as price takers and they submit the true information about the supply and demand, resulting in efficient market process. Two-stage market is operated by many countries, making the settlements to occur at both real-time price and day-ahead price. When the day-ahed price is operated, it is quite similar to the market of short-term forward. Though better price forecasts can be resulted from the centralized day-ahead market, it is only theoretical. Game theory and electricity market applications show that strategic bidding technique is used by the generators that leads to long term goals achievement, though it is time consuming. In this context, the idea of Nash is considered and implemented by the generators. Market can be successful, when the three ways related to the strategic bidding. (Wang and Lo, 2016), (Osborne, 2002) The bidding behavior would then be analyzed by the market, of the firms of marketing. Therefore, bidding behavior defines the marketing power. So, when the electricity power marketing is considered in real time, it is not possible to achieve the long term strategies, because of Lack of knowledge of Nash technology or wrong information shared. When a game consists of Nash equilibrium that is unique and when the game is played among multiple players, under specified conditions, then the set of Nash Equilibrium would be adopted. There is another set of Nash Equilibrium to adopt, when there are conditions not met and differently for the conditions that are met. The resulting Nash equilibrium from competitive and complex Gencos, has to be solved through modeling of Nash equilibrium for generation expansion planning of several Gencos, in two levels, strategic generation investment performed at higher level and capacity bidding strategy performed at lower level. Generating units have variable costs. Generating units is assumed to invest, to the best capacity, having variable investment cost, when generation investment is considered. Social cost is an important factor that determines the level of Nash Equilibrium, either best or worst. Let us consider that the generating companies have set of units and each unit has a set of portfolios. Generating units have both strategic and non-strategic units. Strategic units may get withheld, partial output for gaining more profit. Non-strategic units offer full output at marginal cost to the market. Generating companies that have at least one strategic generating unit, is considered for modeling of Nash equilibrium, in this context. The strategic generating unit has certain volume of capacity, offering to the market. Transmission in Swedish or in any modern markets would not be optimized, when isolated, since transmission is considered to be substitute as well as complement for generation. The problem of coordination is the key point of discussion in the project (Sebasti, T. and Contreras, 2004). The problem is a two-level optimization problem. When considered at the lowest level, the decisions of strategic investment for generators are modeled as game with simultaneous move. This game can have solution with multiple Nash equilibrium. In this context, Nash equilibrium is perceived as in game theory, for describing an equilibrium, in which the strategy of each player would be optimal, given, the other players strategy. The transmission planner behavior can be modeled by the upper models and the entire model is considered to be the game of leader follower. Here, the transmission planner act as leaders initiating the first step and certain upgrade commitment as well as expansion options. Generators that are competing and independent react to the specified options. The simultaneous-move game can have the solution, as the solution would be the input to the game of leader-follower. Eventually, the decision of committing would be taken by the generator, to a certain option and it is done according to the simultaneous-move game outcome. The fact of multiple equilibrium is solved through finding the worst Nash equilibrium, which is considered as the electricity market equilibrium, for the transmission investment purpose, having highest cost, incurring to the society. There are market simulators that can replicate the actual electricity market behavior. These tools can be used by the regulators, in order to detect the market power, after monitoring. They help refining the bids, by the sellers and buyers. Market power is fluctuated by several factors, such as bidding behavior, numerous market players and the imposed restriction. So, the design of the simulator must be good enough and should contain the existing rules of the existing market. Modeling electricity market that is pool-based would be a complex task, because of the transmission network modeling, non-differentiable and non-convex bid functions nature, need for integer variables and varied time spans, to name a few (Marwali Shahidehpour, 1999). The current and existing market models offer qualitative and valuable insight, however, lack in all or some of the potential features (Day, et al., 2002.0. With the new methodology and modeling, Nash equilibrium can be applied to electricity market Cournot models, having constraints of network, however, may lack nonlinear losses. This model is a full ac model, in which Nash bargaining game is developed for transmission analysis, in which analysis of two-area system power exchanges is done. Another game theory method that can be applied for obtaining equilibrium, like Stackelberg leader-follower model or supply function equilibrium model Generating Companies Model Genco behaves as either price-take or price-maker, based on its generating mix and relative size. The price maker profit is expressed by the objective function. Then the total revenue would then linearly expressed, through binary variables and positive real variables. Every unit has working scope within the operating region that is feasible, over the horizon of whole planning, and the same is enforced by set of constraints. Constraints as a set expresses price-maker quota hourly, as the units power production sum. Power balance is defined at every node, as the difference between the power that reaches a specific node and the power that leaves the same node, should be zero. It considers the power injected from the participants other than Genco in the node and from the Genco. The quota or capacity of a price-maker is considered as total power, for serving the demand in an hour. Eventually, for all the Gencos, the bidding strategy for any specific hour is, 1.Only power blocks, having values of optimal self-scheduling, differing from zero would be provided at corresponding costs of margi 2.The rest of the blocks would then be offered at infinity price. References Baldick, R. (2002). Electricity market equilibrium models: the effect of parametrization.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 17(4), pp.1170-1176. Baldick, R. (2007). Computing the Electricity Market Equilibrium: Uses of market equilibrium models. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Bishop, S. and McSorley, C. (2001). Regulating Electricity Markets.The Electricity Journal, 14(10), pp.81-86. Bowden, N. (2009). Measuring Efficiency in Wholesale Electricity Markets.The Electricity Journal, 22(5), pp.34-38. Casazza, J. (2003). Engineering, Ethics Electricity.IEEE Spectrum, 40(7), pp.11-12. Cheng, C., Chen, F., Li, G. and Tu, Q. (2016). Market Equilibrium and Impact of Market Mechanism Parameters on the Electricity Price in Yunnans Electricity Market.Energies, 9(6), p.463. Chang, Y. (2007). The New Electricity Market of Singapore: Regulatory framework, market power and competition.Energy Policy, 35(1), pp.403-412. Chang, Y. and Hin Tay, T. (2006). Efficiency and deregulation of the electricity market in Singapore.Energy Policy, 34(16), pp.2498-2508. Day, C. J. Hobbs, B. F. and Pang, J.-S. (2002). Oligopolistic competition in power networks: a conjectured supply function approach, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 17, pp. 597607. D.H.M, N., K.P, W. and M, I. (2005). Determining the Nash Equilibrium of Black-box Electricity Markets. De Otto-Lpez, B. (2011). Joint Bidding under Capacity Constraints.Applied Mathematics, 02(10), pp.1279-1291. Electricity generation. (2008). 1st ed. Washington: U.S. G.P.O. Ellis, A. and Heneghan, L. (2015). The creative CIO. Ellis, A. and Synder, M. (2015). HARVEY NASH CIO SURVEY 2015 IN ASSOCIATION WITH KPMG. Epsa.org. (2017).EPSA: Principles Code of Ethics. [online] Available at: https://www.epsa.org/positions/ [Accessed 6 Mar. 2017]. Gentzoglanis, A. (2013). Price determination in the wholesale electricity markets.International Journal of Teaching and Case Studies, 4(2), p.115. Govindan, S. and Wilson, R. (n.d.). Refinements of Nash Equilibrium.SSRN Electronic Journal. Hogan, W. (2014). Electricity Market Design and Efficient Pricing: Applications for New England and Beyond.The Electricity Journal, 27(7), pp.23-49. Hogan, W. (2012). Multiple Market-Clearing Prices, Electricity Market Design and Price Manipulation.The Electricity Journal, 25(4), pp.18-32. Ishii, M. (2017). Nash Equilibrium in a Duopolistic Electricity Market. Isser, S. (n.d.). Generation Investment and Resource Adequacy in Electricity Markets.SSRN Electronic Journal. Marwali M. K. C. and Shahidehpour, S. M. (1999). Long-term transmission and generation maintenance scheduling with network, fuel and emission constraints, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 14, pp. 11601165. MohammadHosseinNabavi, S. and Hajforoosh, S. (2014). Nash Equilibrium in Competitive Electricity Market Considering Congestion.International Journal of Computer Applications, 93(19), pp.41-46. Myerson, R. (1999). NASH EQUILIBRIUM AND THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THEORY. Osborne, M. (2002). An introduction to game theory. Platt, R., Williams, J., Pardoe, A. and Straw, W. (2014). A NEW APPROACH TO ELECTRICITY MARKETS HOW NEW, DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES CHANGE EVERYTHING. [online] Available at: https://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/new-approach-electricity-markets_Sep2014.pdf?noredirect=1. Priddle, R. (2017). COMPETITION IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS. 1st ed. OECD. Rajaraman, R. (2004). Optimal Bidding Strategies in Electricity Markets. Sioshansi, F. (2013).Evolution of global electricity markets. 1st ed. Waltham, MA: Elsevier Science Technology. Staff, I. (2017).Nash Equilibrium. [online] Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nash-equilibrium.asp [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. Sebasti, T. and Contreras, J. (2004). Finding Multiperiod Nash Equilibria in Pool-Based Electricity Markets. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 19, NO. 1 Yarrow, G. and Decker, D. (2017). Bidding in energy-only wholesale electricity markets. [online] Aemc.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aemc.gov.au/getattachment/c196404a-e850-46bd-8ae2-41600f8454bb/Bidding-in-energy-only-wholesale-electricity-marke.aspx [Accessed 8 Mar. 2017]. Wang, Z. and Lo, K. (2016). Game Theory Application and Strategic Bidding in Electricity Supply Market. Hogan, W. (2009). REGULATION AND ELECTRICITY MARKETS. [online] Available at: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/whogan/Hogan_wptf_041609.pdf.